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Biological basis of love
The theory of a biological basis of love has been explored by such biological sciences as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and neuroscience. Specific chemical substances such as oxytocin are studied in the context of their roles in producing human experiences and behaviors that are associated with love.
==Evolutionary psychology==
Evolutionary psychology has proposed several explanations for love. Human infants and children are for a very long time dependent on parental help. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote mutual parental support of children for an extended time period. Another is that sexually transmitted diseases may cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase risks during childbirth. This would favor exclusive long-term relationships reducing the risk of contracting an STD.〔The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, edited by David M. Buss, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. Chapter 14, Commitment, Love, and Mate Retention by Lorne Campbell B. and Bruce J. Ellis.〕
From the perspective of evolutionary psychology the experiences and behaviors associated with love can be investigated in terms of how they have been shaped by human evolution.〔"Evolutionary psychology: the emperor's new paradigm" by D. J. Buller in ''Trends Cogn. Sci.'' (2005) Volume 9 pages 277-283.〕 For example, it has been suggested that human language has been selected during evolution as a type of "mating signal" that allows potential mates to judge reproductive fitness.〔(The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature ) by Geoffrey F. Miller in ''Psycoloquy'' (2001) 12,#8.〕 Miller described evolutionary psychology as a starting place for further research: "Cognitive neuroscience could try to localize courtship adaptations in the brain. Most importantly, we need much better observations concerning real-life human courtship, including the measurable aspects of courtship that influence mate choice, the reproductive (or at least sexual) consequences of individual variation in those aspects, and the social-cognitive and emotional mechanisms of falling in love." Since Darwin's time there have been similar speculations about the evolution of human interest in music also as a potential signaling system for attracting and judging the fitness of potential mates.〔(Evolution of human music through sexual selection ) by G. F. Miller in N. L. Wallin, B. Merker, & S. Brown (Eds.), ''The origins of music'', MIT Press, (2000). pp. 329-360.〕 It has been suggested that the human capacity to experience love has been evolved as a signal to potential mates that the partner will be a good parent and be likely to help pass genes to future generations.〔(Sexual selection and mate choice in evolutionary psychology ) (PDF) by C. Haufe in ''Biology and Philosophy'' 〕 Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as 'unconditional selflessness',〔Griffith J. 2011. ''What is Love?''. In ''The Book of Real Answers to Everything'' ISBN 9781741290073. http://www.worldtransformation.com/what-is-love/〕 suggesting utterly cooperative instincts developed in modern humans' ancestor, ''Australopithecus''. Studies of bonobos (a great ape previously referred to as a pygmy chimpanzee) are frequently cited in support of a cooperative past in humans.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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